The Lottery Essays (1156 words) - A Good Man Is Hard To Find

The Lottery Mario Cruz M. Seiferth Eng 1302 Shirley Jackson's The Lottery and Flannery O'Connnors A Good Man Is Hard To Find are stories that manage keeps an eye on savagery to man by illastrating distinctive circumstance, yet lead to a similar end and with no idea of the outcomes. Jackson and O'Connor utilize focal characters to show how man has the ability to mutilate reality into something the individuals acknowledge into regular daily existence. Jackson utilizes convention in The Lottery when she utilizes Mr. Summers as the commentator of the lottery consistently. Mr. Summers was an individual who put stock in the lottery and never thought of closure this convention. Consistently Mr. Summers talked about creation another case, however nobody got a kick out of the chance to agitate even as much convention as was spoken to by the black box. At the point when the individuals were approached to get in prefer to pick a paper, they had done it so often, they half tuned in to the headings, (Jackson 235). For ages the lottery was constantly performed on the twenty-seventh of June, however the orginal box was lost, the ceremonies were overlooked, yet the residents remembered to utilize stones. Custom in A Good Man Is Hard To Find O'Connor goes an alternate way of traditon yet lead to same results. The Misfit like Mr. Summers is messanger of death, yet for various reasons. Like the individuals of The Lottery the family in A Good Man Is Hard To Find both have a goal and a reason and that is to meet their producer. The individual in The Lottery is executed for being unfortunate, and in A Good Man Is Hard To Find the Misfit was inprisoned for an explanation he doesn't recollect. It was in the most ideal manner to keep up his notoriety for being an executioner, to feel free to murder the whole family, and along these lines in his psyche he is sparing them from erring once more. These accounts were of manupalation of the psyche. Jackson utilized two primary characters to cause the individuals to come and proceed with the lottery. The individuals of the town had been so indoctrinated by Mr. Summers and Old Man Warner that they did whatever they said to do. At the point when Mr. Summers lifted one hand high and stated, Adams. A man withdrew himself from the group and came forward(Jackson 235) Old Man Warner was the most seasoned individual around and consistently discussed the lottery in that it was ideal since when the lottery is performed corn be overwhelming soon. (Jackson 236). The individuals have absence of free idea when they follow Mr. Summers, and Old Man Warner advises the townspeople to complete Mrs. Hutchinson rapidly. Without hesatation the group gets stones and begin stoning Mrs.Hutchinson with no idea of why or if it's even option to do this demonstration. At the point when O'Connor had her characters manupalate the rest, the grandma was windbag, smarty pants, continually giving her child Bailey proposal on the best way to approach the vaction they arranged. At the point when she proposed to her child to go to the house with the mystery board, she revealed to him that it would be a decent instructive excursion for the kids. Bailey was not thinking for himself when he was following his moms headings to the mystery board house. If not for the grandmas feline Pitty Sing they would have never run over the Misfit. At the point when the Misfit arrived on the scene he was in absolute control of his men, Bobby Lee and Hiram. The Misfit was responsible for everything that went on from that second on. The main time in the story that he was a devotee or come up short on the indepence to address, was the point at which he was inprisoned for something he was unable to recall. The main thing he was told was that he slaughtered his dad and that jail had papers on him. The Misfit faults the penatentary for the manner in which he acts and his activities. The Lottery is a story that was about self-conservation of ones self. Elderly person Warner had lived seventy-seven years and had never been the divinely selected individual, so he was consistently for the lottery. To him the lottery was not terrible in light of the fact that he was never the one

Security and Privacy Issues in Predictive Analytics †Free Samples

Question: Examine about the Security and Privacy Issues in Predictive Analytics. Answer: Innovation Description Prescient Analytics is a branch inside cutting edge examination used to make forecasts about future occasions that are as yet obscure. Prescient investigation utilizes a few strategies including measurements, information mining, AI, displaying, just as AI (man-made reasoning) to examine present information and make expectations concerning what's to come. Prescient examination utilizes different prescient demonstrating, information mining, and investigation procedures to unite data innovation, the executives, and business displaying procedures to make future forecasts. The innovation takes a shot at the premise of value-based and verifiable information that are utilized for purposes, for example, recognizing future dangers or distinguishing future chances. Models utilized in prescient investigation catch connections among a few factors in order to survey dangers utilizing a particular arrangement of conditions to relegate loads or scores (Waller Fawcett 2013). Business clients, using content examination, information mining, just as measurements case prescient knowledge through the revealing of connections and examples in both unstructured and organized information. Organized information, for example, sex, age, conjugal status, and deals, can be promptly utilized for prescient investigation. Unstructured information, for example, online life content, content information in call focus data/notes, estimation, for example, those in web based life or open content that must be extricated are likewise utilized for prescient investigation during the time spent model structure (Umachandran Ferdinand-James 2017). Utilizing prescient examination, associations become forward looking, proactive, and foresee practices and results dependent on information and not on presumptions or just hunches. The outcome is better dynamic and arranging, which in addition to other things present upper hands to the association (Rickman Cosenza 2007). Innovation Solution Assessment While prescient investigation enormously causes organizations, for example, to get ready for the future for instance in anticipating future interest, utilization designs among various age gatherings, and conceivable new items, it accompanies dangers, particularly with respect to purchaser information and data (Crawford Schultz 2014). To accomplish prescient examination, associations definitely should utilize buyer information, for example, client sexual orientation, age, and feelings in online networking in which case both organized and unstructured information is utilized for prescient investigation. Large information is, and keeps on conveying gigantic potential for altering individuals' lives through prescient force for instance, it is conceivable to precisely anticipate climate to 95% exactness 48 hours before the time (Murphy 2015). The sheer sizes of individuals that have been associated with security occurrences of large information, the stakes are significantly higher. For ex ample, the penetrate of eBay information in 2014 brought about a break to individual data for 145 million individuals whose email and personal residences just as birth dates were uncovered/penetrated (Finkle, Chatterjee and Maan, 2014). Due to the sheer size, the various parts of the information just as its differing sources, it is additionally an overwhelming assignment to secure this measure of information. Weakness to unapproved get to is duplicated on account of the wide and appropriated scope of access (Terzi, Terzi Sagiroglu 2015). Protection Issues Breaks to protection that cause humiliations and different dangers: Actions that associations take in utilizing enormous information for examination can without much of a stretch penetrate the security of the clients information and result in shames and claims, just as loss of occupations. A few retailers, for example, utilize large information on clients, utilizing such subtleties as pregnant clients due dates, or even month to month menstrual cycles for ladies, or the shade of underwear most purchased by a client (Crawford Schultz 2014). Information covering being crushed in order to uncover individual data: If information veiling is utilized improperly, prescient examination of large information can uncover people whose information was conceal. The novelty of prescient examination of enormous information implies that associations despite everything stay mindful of such dangers, extraordinarily uncovering singular private data to undesirable crowds, for example, programmers People have no (or there are not very many) lawful securities for them. While specialists and controllers have communicated dangers to security because of prescient examination of offer information, lawful prerequisites for ensuring protection when huge information investigation are being attempted are not yet existent, or stay hazy and dark (Paulson Scruth 2017). Danger of dishonest choices from prescient investigation of huge information Prescient examination of large information can be utilized to impact conduct which is dishonest and this happens when associations utilize huge information investigation to settle on choices that don't take discernment of the estimation of human life/wellbeing. The potential for uncovering people groups individual data since it isn't unlawful through this disclosure can harm the lives/wellbeing of the concerned people represents another security risk (Kshetri 2014). Prejudicial propensities: Predictive examination of large information can be utilized to give advancements, create courses among different utilizations; the outcomes can reverse discharge if there is no objectivity. Enormous information can make segregation progressively common and inescapable, for example, in human asset arranging. A monetary organization can't decide the sexual direction or race of an advance candidate since this is unlawful in any case; be that as it may, utilizing enormous information and prescient investigation, the race, sex, age, money related circumstance, even location of the forthcoming candidate can be mined through large information examination by mining such data from the Internet of Things or from on-line stages, for example, web-based social networking (Loehr 2017). With enormous information investigation, an advance solicitation can be turned down dependent on biased dynamic or calculations that are intrinsically prejudicial. Security concerns Prescient investigation not generally exact: Despite the utilization of prescient examination of large information, a few issues may not be uncovered since the innovation isn't completely precise. The information documents utilized in prescient examination can contain wrong data and information on people or the calculations can be imperfect. Prescient investigation are just on a par with the calculations utilized for creating results. The danger of mistakes builds proportionately to the expansion of information records to existing datasets alongside the utilization of complex models for information examination. Monetary firms, for example, VISA depend a lot on prescient enormous information investigation, for in addition to other things, distinguishing security breaks and extortion, yet there are issues with the models, misrepresentation will in any case occur (Armerding 2017). The a lot of information associations gather about people and store distributive, for example Amazon, makes upgraded dangers to the security of the information. The information can be taken or hacked and be utilized for additional malevolent assaults. Prescient examination is being utilized, and offers enormous guarantees for associations in anticipating worker conduct; the danger of flight can be anticipated early and proper estimates taken. Be that as it may, another component is presented with such applications; theoretical information on workers. Past the standard budgetary and individual data on workers, prescient examination boxes another issue of future conduct estimation, addressing the psyche, heart, and expectations of this representative. The inquiries that emerge are moral and down to earth; what is the prescient investigation on flight dangers aren't right? The forecast of conduct can result in focused reactions by HR which outskirts at the top of the priority list contr ol and social change, a grave moral issue. On the off chance that the examination aren't right, a representative can be wrongly named as being traitorous and have their notoriety imperfect, yet as a general rule, they may simply have distinctive conduct and this can bring about out of line activities from the board. Aside from potentially giving incorrectly decisions, it is an unavoidable security intrusion; data that can be utilized malignantly even by insiders in the association. Authoritative Change Assessment A review shows that few major associations despite everything accept that huge information has a few gigantic undiscovered open doors for what's to come. Huge information is being seen from the setting of various datasets incorporation to reveal or drive explicit bits of knowledge. 33% of the respondents accept that examination will be a vital driver or authoritative change and change inside associations, while likewise framing a critical piece of everyday exercises in the running of associations (Klein 2014). Prescient investigation of large information or some other information will have a noteworthy effect in hierarchical procedures, remembering for item improvement. For example, a product or application designer will change how they create programming and the speed with which this product is created and conveyed dependent on prescient examination. Prescient examination is by and by utilized generally in the budgetary administrations area, for example to anticipate credit danger o f a customer, by protection firms for foreseeing misfortunes, by law authorization offices to anticipate the nature and sorts of criminal acts, and by associations to anticipate representative conduct and flight hazard, as HP as of now does (Siegel 2013) . Prescient investigation can be extended to prescriptive examination so an individual can realize what is probably going to mess them up in future and what they can do to defeat such issues. Utilizing prescient examination to decide future client conduct, item and market patterns, or worker conduct, associations will (and right now are) increasing key upper hands in their business sectors and beating the opposition not yet utilizing prescient investigation thoroughly. Effectively, prescient investigation has been utilized to foresee victors of decisions; Nate Silver anticipated, in 2012, the champ in all the fifty DC expresses an

Dealing With a Spouse Who Works Too Much

Dealing With a Spouse Who Works Too Much Relationships Spouses & Partners Print Strategies for Dealing With a Workaholic Spouse By Sheri Stritof Sheri Stritof has written about marriage and relationships for 20 years. Shes the co-author of The Everything Great Marriage Book. Learn about our editorial policy Sheri Stritof Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Carly Snyder, MD on February 01, 2020 facebook twitter linkedin Carly Snyder, MD is a reproductive and perinatal psychiatrist who combines traditional psychiatry with integrative medicine-based treatments.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Carly Snyder, MD on February 01, 2020 Tetra Images / Getty Images More in Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems LGBTQ Violence and Abuse If you are married to a workaholic, you may feel as if you are married to an unfaithful spouse whos replaced your intimacy with his or her work. The sense of being alone, the number of broken promises, feelings of anger and disappointment, and a belief that you are not very important are all similar for spouses of cheaters and for spouses of workaholics. These issues, if left unmitigated, may result in spousal discontent or worse yet divorce; in fact, according to Maureen Farrel who penned So You Married A Workaholic for Forbes in 2007, on average, couples in which one partner is a workaholic divorce at twice the average rate.?? When one partner works excessively, he or she is not  nurturing the marriage. It is also unhealthy to maintain a life that is so out of balance,  which can easily put you on the road to infidelity or divorce. Sometimes it takes a wake-up call such as a personal or health crisis for the workaholic  to snap out of this behavior. There are things you can do that wont have you waiting around for this to be the impetus for the change.     Tips for Keeping Your Marriage to a Workaholic Healthy If you find yourself frustrated with your spouses constant obsession with work, its important to remember that even though you dont agree with his or her viewpoint on the issue, the situation itself puts you and your partner both under intense amounts of stress; as a result, conversations about being a workaholic should be approached cautiously and with compassion. As frustrating as it may be to not scold your spouse for his or her overworking tendencies,  nagging wont work. Instead, share in a positive tone what your spouse has missed by working late or by bringing work home and not being present to you and your children. Additionally, you should try to stop enabling your spouses workaholic behaviorâ€"you may be enabling your spouses need or desire to work by delaying family meals, keeping kids up longer, postponing activities, or spending your money on items and services (like takeout) that you could do without. Instead, consider letting your spouse experience the consequences of working too much by serving dinner at the normal time and making your spouse eat the cold leftovers once he or she finally emerges, hours later, from work. If your spouse doesnt want to go out of the house with you, leave your spouse at home and take the kids to the movie, or if your spouse is too busy to take a few days off, take a weekend trip to visit family without your spouseâ€"dont put your life or your childrens lives on hold waiting for your spouse to make time for you. Alternatively, you could try to entice your spouse out of work mode by suggesting an activity that you could both do together. Although this may be considered a bit manipulative, providing an opportunity that your spouse will enjoy could ease the tensions between you and allow for an honest discussion of the problems that are arising from your spouses workaholic tendencies. When to Seek Professional Help Solving your marital issues related to a workaholic spouse can feel like an insurmountable task, and oftentimes it is almost impossible to do alone. Fortunately, though, psychologists and marriage counselors are available to help mediate open dialogue between you and your significant other. If your marriage is in serious trouble due to your spouse working too many hours, then  marriage counseling  could be an option that will help. Even if you can simply get your spouse in for the initial therapy session, you may be able to help him or her to understand the gravity of the problem and the toll its having on you and your relationship personally. Its important during these sessions to discuss setting boundaries you both agree to that will not only help your spouse overcome his or her workaholic behavior but help you both communicate with one another openly and with compassion and empathy. If your spouse agrees to a day with you or even a few hours, setting boundaries like no cell phones at dinner could significantly reduce work-related stress during your alone time. In any case, the first step toward overcoming marital issues related to living with a workaholic spouse is to start a conversation, express how the behavior makes you feel, and work together toward an amicable compromise that leaves you feeling more appreciated and your spouses need to work fulfilled.

Eight Critical Thinking Guidelines Into My Posts - 1722 Words

In each module, I have tried to incorporate the eight critical thinking guidelines into my posts. In particular, I have tried to be willing to wonder about each topic, and I have always tried to ask relevant questions to keep the discussion going. I feel as though I was able to embody this guideline well in Module Five. My first instinct was to completely dismiss hypnotism and hypnotherapy, but I allowed myself to wonder about the possibility of both being real. In my research, I discovered that hypnotherapy was indeed a viable option for some disorders, which I would never have learned had I kept my mind closed. In my responses I definitely tried to keep the discussion going by asking questions that would allow the original poster to elaborate upon their opinions. Most of all, I attempted to ask questions that would allow for further discussion, not just a simple agreement or disagreement with my statements. Rather than taking my fellow students’ statements as fact, I wondere d about the absolute truth of their statements. For example, Sara Walsh discussed the similarity of hypnosis and placebo, and in my response I wondered if â€Å"...the comparison between hypnotherapy and a placebo effect necessarily negate the effects of hypnotherapy?† In allowing myself to wonder about hypnotherapy, it opened my mind to a whole new set of questions and opinions, and I think this is vital in critical thinking. If I were to believe hypnotherapy were real, what would influence theShow MoreRelatedA s Study, Pearl Harbor, And Bay Of Pigs Invasion1756 Words   |  8 PagesCline s study, Pearl Harbor, and Bay of Pigs invasion, are all victims of group thinking. It is taking over various aspects of our lives. Our companies, our schools and our culture are being affected to an idea call the New Groupthink. Most of us now work in teams, in offices without walls, groups in congress. Lone geniuses are out. Collaboration is in. Group thinking is ineffective and leads to failure. Group thinking should be eliminated, especially in the political society Groupthink is a theoryRead MoreUNESCOs Four Pillars of Learning Applied Essay2726 Words   |  11 Pagesever-changing world. The pillars cut through cultural differences and unify all ages; they emphasize the basic individual right towards a new vision of life-long learning for the 21st Century. â€Å"Lifelong learning† covers learning from preschool age to post-retirement age ; however, much attention and research have been focused on education and learning for children and youth with little attention focused on the adult aspect of learning . This has however now begun to gain more significance within theRead MoreEssay about Csia 301 - Syllabus4668 Words   |  19 PagesSyllabus for CSIA 301 Faculty Contact Information Welcome to Foundations of Cybersecurity CSIA 301, a hybrid course. My name is Professor Nancy M. Landreville and I have been teaching here at the University of Maryland, University College since February 2007. My phone number is (301) 401-0144. You may contact me by phone any evening during the week (Monday - Friday) from 7:00pm - 9:00pm. You may email me at any time at nancy.landreville@faculty.umuc.edu . I encourage you to use the private messagingRead MoreGrounded Theory And The Constructivist Theory3377 Words   |  14 Pagespopulation. My passion for the topic of poor, working class experiences in counseling are rooted in my own work experience as a mental health counselor. After completing my master’s degree in community agency counseling, I spent four years employed as a mental health counselor in a private, non-profit community-based counseling center. In that role, I provided individual, couple, and family counseling to a diverse range of clients. Most of my clients were uninsured, and the majority of my clientsRead MoreImpact of Print Media on Society10439 Words   |  42 PagesACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful for my committee members: Dr. Cynthia Hutchinson, for her excellent coaching as my major professor through the doctoral program; Dr. David Boote, for his thorough, thoughtful and timely feedback over the course of the program; Dr. Eleanor Witta for her patience in dealing with the statistically challenged, and Dr. Rufus Barfield, a researcher and brother in Christ, who literally took me by the hand and prayed with me and our wives in my church office when I really neededRead MoreMathematics : A Key Element For A Young Child s Learning Process5238 Words   |  21 Pagestend to be at the top of the resource list (Golden, 2012). While books can be a very useful tool for teachers successfulness in teaching mathematics topics. You can find mathematics in different types of books. For example: recipe, sequential thinking, patterns, and problem solving books (Padula, 2004). Math skills and mathematics literature are both equally important in children’s growth in this subject (Kurz, 2012). These components must be combined for children to effectively learn eachRead MoreAn Evalution of the Attachment Theory Essay13038 Words   |  53 PagesLooked after Children 3.1. Part 1 - Early Attachment Theories, Criticisms Findings 20 3.2. Part 2 - Emotional and Behavioural difficulties 28 3.3 Part 3 - Effects on Child Development 35 Chapter 4: Critical overview Conclusion 4.1 Critical overview 43 4.2 Recommendations Conclusion 45 References 48 Appendices 1. Dissertation Proposal 54 2. Ethical Check Form 63 3. Maslow’s ‘hierarchy of needsRead MoreAssignments: Education and Learners3914 Words   |  16 Pagesassignment is given below: Assignment 01 - self-evaluation. It was more an introductory assignment to introduce you to the work. Few problems arose and problems that need attention were dealt with. Assignment 02 - lesson planning. Although one can give guidelines on this, never forget what looks good in writing may not develop into a successful lesson; the reverse is also true. This aspect of teaching will also be dealt with in depth in other courses of BEd as well as in our discussion theme later in thisRead MoreCommon Knowledge : How Companies Thrive by Sharing What They Know56617 Words   |  227 Pages5-dc21 99048879 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Publications and Documents in Libraries and Archives Z39.481992. Page v FOR MY SONS WHOSE LIVES HAVE SO GREATLY ENRICHED MY OWN: STEPHEN DIXON JOHNSON RICHARD SCOTT JOHNSON Page vii Contents Acknowledgments 1 Introduction 2 Creating and Leveraging Common Knowledge 3 Serial Transfer 4 Near Transfer 5 Far Transfer 6 Strategic Transfer 7 ExpertRead MoreAccounting Information Systems7237 Words   |  29 Pagesright or wrong. This accounting information system is designed to help us think outside of the box by providing unstructured problems that will increase our ability to develop professional judgment, our confidence in our ability, and use more critical thinking. The conceptual framework was developed in the late 1970’s by the FASB to be used as a guide for accounting principles. The conceptual framework is set up as a pyramid that has three levels. The top level provides the objective of financial

Spain and the New Laws of 1542

The â€Å"New Laws† of 1542 were a series of laws and regulations approved by the King of Spain in November of 1542 to regulate the Spaniards who were enslaving the natives in the Americas, particularly in Peru. The laws were extremely unpopular in the New World and directly led to a civil war in Peru. The furor was so great that eventually King Charles, fearing that he would lose his new colonies entirely, was forced to suspend many of the more unpopular aspects of the new legislation. Conquest of the New World The Americas had been discovered in 1492 by Christopher Columbus: a papal bull in 1493 divided the newly-discovered lands between Spain and Portugal. Settlers, explorers, and conquistadors of all sorts immediately began heading to the colonies, where they tortured and killed the natives by the thousands to take their lands and wealth. In 1519, Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico: about fifteen years later Francisco Pizarro defeated the Inca Empire in Peru. These native empires had much gold and silver and the men who participated became very wealthy. This, in turn, inspired more and more adventurers to come to the Americas in the hopes of joining the next expedition that would conquer and loot a native kingdom. The Encomienda System With the major native empires in Mexico and Peru in ruins, the Spanish had to put a new system of government in place. The successful conquistadors and colonial officials used the encomienda system. Under the system, an individual or family was given lands, which generally had natives living on them already. A sort of deal was implied: the new owner was responsible for the natives: he would see to their instruction in Christianity, their education and their safety. In return, the natives would supply food, gold, minerals, wood or whatever valuable commodity could be extracted from the land. The encomienda lands would pass from one generation to the next, allowing the families of the conquistadors to set themselves up like local nobility. In reality, the encomienda system was little more than slavery by another name: the natives were forced to work in fields and mines, often until they literally dropped dead. Las Casas and the Reformers Some opposed the ghastly abuses of the native population. As early as 1511 in Santo Domingo, a friar named Antonio de Montesinos asked the Spanish by what right had they invaded, enslaved, raped and robbed a people who had done them no harm. Bartolomà © de Las Casas, a Dominican priest, began asking the same questions. Las Casas, an influential man, had the ear of the king, and he told of the needless deaths of millions of Indians—who were, after all, Spanish subjects. Las Casas was quite persuasive and King Charles of Spain finally decided to do something about the murders and torture being carried out in his name. The New Laws The â€Å"New Laws,† as the legislation came to be known, provided for sweeping changes in Spain’s colonies. The natives were to be considered free, and the owners of the encomiendas could no longer demand free labor or services from them. They did need to pay a certain amount of tribute, but any extra work was to be paid for. Natives were to be treated fairly and given expanded rights. Encomiendas granted to members of the colonial bureaucracy or the clergy were to be returned to the crown immediately. The clauses of the New Laws most disturbing to the Spanish colonists were the ones that declared forfeiture of encomiendas or native laborers by those who had participated in civil wars (which was nearly all of the Spaniards in Peru) and a provision that made encomiendas not hereditary: all encomiendas would revert to the crown upon the death of the current holder. Revolt and Repeal Reaction to the New Laws was swift and drastic: all over the Spanish Americas, conquistadors and settlers were enraged. Blasco Nuà ±ez Vela, the Spanish Viceroy, arrived in the New World in early 1544 and announced that he intended to enforce the New Laws. In Peru, where the former conquistadors had the most to lose, the settlers rallied behind Gonzalo Pizarro, last of the Pizarro brothers (Juan and Francisco passed away and Hernando Pizarro was still alive but in prison in Spain). Pizarro raised an army, declaring that he would defend the rights that he and so many others had fought so hard for. At the battle of Aà ±aquito in January of 1546, Pizarro defeated Viceroy Nà ºÃƒ ±ez Vela, who died in battle. Later, an army under Pedro de la Gasca defeated Pizarro in April of 1548: Pizarro was executed. Pizarro’s revolution was put down, but the revolt had shown the King of Spain that the Spaniards in the New World (and Peru in particular) were serious about protecting their interests. Although the king felt that morally, the New Laws were the right thing to do, he feared that Peru would declare itself an independent kingdom (many of Pizarro’s followers had urged him to do just that). Charles listened to his advisors, who told him that he had better seriously tone down the New Laws or he risked losing parts of his new empire. The New Laws were suspended and a watered-down version was passed in 1552. Legacy The Spanish had a mixed record in the Americas as a colonial power. The most horrendous abuses occurred in the colonies: natives were enslaved, murdered, tortured and raped in the conquest and early part of the colonial period and later they were disenfranchised and excluded from power. Individual acts of cruelty are too numerous and dreadful to list here. Conquistadors like Pedro de Alvarado and Ambrosius Ehinger reached levels of cruelty that are nearly inconceivable to modern sentiments. As horrible as the Spanish were, there were a few enlightened souls among them, such as Bartolomà © de Las Casas and Antonio de Montesinos. These men fought diligently for native rights in Spain. Las Casas produced books on the subjects of Spanish abuses and was not shy about denouncing powerful men in the colonies. King Charles I of Spain, like Ferdinand and Isabela before him and Philip II after him, had his heart in the right place: all of these Spanish rulers demanded that the natives be treated fairly. In practice, however, the goodwill of the king was difficult to enforce. There was also an inherent conflict: the King wanted his native subjects to be happy, but the Spanish crown grew ever more dependent on the steady flow of gold and silver from the colonies, much of which was produced by slave labor in the mines. As for the New Laws, they marked an important shift in Spanish policy. The age of conquest was over: bureaucrats, not conquistadors, would hold power in the Americas. Stripping the conquistadors of their encomiendas meant nipping the burgeoning noble class in the bud. Although King Charles suspended the New Laws, he had other means of weakening the powerful New World elite and within a generation or two most of the encomiendas had reverted to the crown anyway.

Principles of Marketing Exam Notes Free Essays

string(39) " tend to be more socially responsible\." Principles of Marketing Study Guide Mid-term Exam Fall 2012 Chapter 1 1. What is Marketing? a. The activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, capturing, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of Marketing Exam Notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now It requires thoughtful planning with an emphasis on the ethical implications of any of those decisions on society in general. 2. Marketing requires Product, Price, Place and Promotions decisions. b. The four Ps, or marketing mix, are the controllable set of activities that the firm uses to respond to the wants of its target markets. 3. What is value-based marketing? a. Value reflects the relationship of benefits to costs, or what the consumer gets for what he or she gives. In a marketing context, customers seek a fair return in goods and/or services for their hard-earned money and scarce time. They want products or services that meet their specific needs or wants and that are offered at competitive prices. 4. Marketing Impacts Various Stakeholders . Supply chain partners, whether they are manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers, or other intermediaries like transportation or warehousing companies, are involved in marketing to one another. Manufacturers sell merchandise to retailers, but the retailers often have to convince manufacturers to sell to them. 5. Marketing Enriches Society * Our people: Committed to excellence, passionate about achieving our goals, eagerly embracing new challenges. * Our strategy: Focused and consistent, delivers sustainable and dependable performance. Our business model: Resilient and proven, relevant in all economies, drives long-term health of the company. * Our brands: Recognized and loved around the world, in strong categories, responsive to advertising and brand building. Chapter 2 6. What is a Marketing Strategy? d. Identifies (1) a firm’s target market(s), (2) a related marketing mix—its four Ps—and (3) the bases on which the firm plans to build a sustainable competitive advantage. 7. Building a Sustainable Competitive Advantage e. An advantage over the competition that is not easily copied and thus can be maintained over a long period of time. A competitive advantage acts like a wall that the firm has built around its position in a market. This wall makes it hard for outside competitors to contact customers inside—otherwise known as the marketer’s target market. 8. The Marketing Plan f. a written document composed of an analysis of the current marketing situation, opportunities and threats for the firm, marketing objectives and strategy specified in terms of the four Ps, action programs, and projected or proforma income (and other financial) statements. The three major phases of the marketing plan are planning, implementation, and control. g. Step 1 of the planning phase. The part of the strategic marketing planning process when marketing executives, in conjunction with other top managers, (1) define the mission or vision of the business and (2) evaluate the situation by assessing how various players, both in and outside the organization, affect the firm’s potential for success. , marketing executives, in conjunction with other top managers, define the mission and/or vision of the business. (Step 2). In the implementation phase. The part of the strategic marketing planning process when marketing managers (1) identify and evaluate different opportunities by engaging in segmentation, targeting, and positioning (see STP) and (2) implement the marketing mix using the four Ps. , marketing managers identify and evaluate different opportunities by engaging in a process known as segmentation, targeting, and positioning (STP) (Step 3). They then are responsible for implementing the marketing mix using the four Ps (Step 4). Finally, the control phase. The part of the strategic marketing planning process when managers evaluate the erformance of the marketing strategy and take any necessary corrective actions. Entails evaluating the performance of the marketing strategy using marketing metrics and taking any necessary corrective actions (Step 5). 9. Growth Strategies h. A market penetration s growth strategy that employs the existing marketing mix and focuses the firm’s efforts on existing customers. Such a growt h strategy might be achieved by attracting new consumers to the firm’s current target market or encouraging current customers to patronize the firm more often or buy more merchandise on each visit. i. A market development growth strategy that employs the existing marketing offering to reach new market segments, whether domestic or international. International expansion generally is riskier than domestic expansion because firms must deal with differences in government regulations, cultural traditions, supply chains, and language. j. Product development growth strategy that offers a new product or service to a firm’s current target market. k. A diversification growth strategy whereby a firm introduces a new product or service to a market segment that it does not currently serve. Diversification opportunities may be either related or unrelated. In a related diversification growth strategy whereby the current target market and/or marketing mix shares something in common with the new opportunity. In other words, the firm might be able to purchase from existing vendors, use the same distribution and/or management information system, or advertise in the same newspapers to target markets that are similar to their current consumers. l. In an unrelated diversification growth strategy whereby a new business lacks any common elements with the present business. Unrelated diversifications do not capitalize on core strengths associated either with markets or with products. Thus, they would be viewed as being very risky. Chapter 3 10. Why People Act Unethically m. All of us vary in the way we view more complex situations, depending on our ethical understandings. 11. Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility n. Corporate social responsibility refers to the voluntary actions taken by a company to address the ethical, social, and environmental impacts of its business operations and the concerns of its stakeholders. o. This notion goes beyond the individual ethics that we’ve discussed so far, but for a company to act in a socially responsible manner, the employees of the company must also first maintain high ethical standards and recognize how their individual decisions lead to optimal collective actions of the firm. Firms with strong ethical climates tend to be more socially responsible. You read "Principles of Marketing Exam Notes" in category "Essay examples" 12. A Framework for Ethical Decision Making p. 13. Integrating Ethics into Marketing Strategy q. Marketers can introduce ethics at the beginning of the planning process simply by including ethical statements in the firm’s mission or vision statements. . In the implementation phase of the marketing strategy, when firms are identifying potential markets and how to successfully deliver the 4Ps to them, firms must consider several ethical issues. Chapter 4 14. The Immediate Environment s. t. In the immediate environment, the first factor that affects the consumer is the firm itself. Successful marketing firms focus on satisfying customer needs that match their core competencies. Competition also significantly affects consumers in the immediate environment. It is therefore critical that marketers understand their firm’s competitors, including their strengths, weaknesses, and likely reactions to the marketing activities that their own firm undertakes. Few firms operate in isolation. For example, automobile manufacturers collaborate with suppliers of sheet metal, tire manufacturers, component part makers, unions, transport companies, and dealerships to produce and market their automobiles successfully. Parties that work with the focal firm are its corporate partners. 15. Macro-environmental Factors u. Macro environmental factors Aspects of the external environment that ffect a company’s business, such as the culture, demographics (age, gender, and race), social issues, technological advances, economic situation, and political/regulatory environment. 16. Corporate Social Responsibility v. Chapter 5 17. The Consumer Decision Process w. x. 18. Factors Influencing the Consumer Decision Process y. The consumer decision process ca n be influenced by several factors. First are the elements of the marketing mix, which we discuss throughout this book. Second are psychological factors, which are influences internal to the customer, such as motives, attitudes, perception, and learning. Third, social factors, such as family, reference groups, and culture, also influence the decision process. Fourth, there are situational factors, such as the specific purchase situation, a particular shopping situation, or temporal state (the time of day), that affect the decision process. 19. Involvement and Consumer Buying Decisions z. Consumers engage in two types of buying processes/decisions depending on their level of involvement: extended problem solving for high-priced or risky goods; and limited problem solving, which includes impulse buying and habitual decision making. {. Involvement is the consumer’s interest in a product or service. Chapter 6 20. B2B Markets |. 21. The Business to Business Buying Process }. 22. Factors affecting the Buying Process ~. The Buying Center i. The buying center is a group of people typically responsible for the buying decisions in large organizations. Participants can range from employees who have a formal role in purchasing decisions (i. e. , the purchasing or procurement department) to members of the design team that is specifying the particular equipment or raw material needed by employees who will be using a new machine that is being ordered. All these employees are likely to play different roles in the buying process, which vendors must understand and adapt to in their marketing and sales efforts. ii. One or more people may take on a certain role, or one person may take on more than one of the following roles: (1) initiator: The buying center participant who first suggests buying the particular product or service. , the person who first suggests buying the particular product or service; (2) influencer: The buying center participant whose views influence other members of the buying center in making the final decision. the person whose views influence other members of the buying center in making the final decision; (3) decider: The buying center participant who ultimately determines any part of or the entire buying decision—whether to buy, what to buy, how to buy, or where to buy. , the person who ultimately determines any part of or the entire buying decision—whether to buy, what to buy, how to buy, or where to buy; (4) buyer: The buying center participant who handles the paperwork of the actual purchase. the person who handles the paperwork of the actual purchase; (5) user: The person who consumes or uses the product or service purchased by the buying center. , the person who consumes or uses the product or service; and (6) gatekeeper: The buying center participant who controls information or access to decision makers and influencers. , the person who controls information or access, or both, to decision makers and influencers. . Organizational Culture iii. ———————————————— A firm’s organizational culture reflects the set of values, traditions, and customs that guide a firm’s employees’ behavior. The firm’s culture often comprises a set of unspoken guidelines that employees share with one another through various work situations. . Buying Situation s In a new buy a purchase of a good or service for the first time; the buying decision is likely to be quite involved because the buyer or the buying organization does not have any experience with the item. A modified rebuy refers to when the buyer has purchased a similar product in the past but has decided to change some specifications, such as the desired price, quality level, customer service level, options, or so forth. Straight rebuys refers to when the buyer or buying organization simply buys additional units of products that have previously been purchased. A tremendous amount of B2B purchases are likely to fall in the straight rebuy category. Chapter 9 23. The Marketing Research Process . The first step is to define objectives and research needs, which sounds so simple that managers often gloss over it. But this step is crucial to the success of any research project because, quite basically, the research must answer those questions that are important for making decisions. In the second step, designing the research project, researchers identify the type of data that is needed, whether primary or secondary, on the basis of the objectives of the project from Step 1, and then determine the type of research that enables them to collect those data. The third step involves deciding on the data collection process and collecting the data. The process usually starts with exploratory research methods such as observation, in-depth interviews, or focus groups. The information gleaned from the exploratory research is then used in conclusive research, which may include a survey, an experiment, or the use of scanner and panel data. The fourth step is to analyze and interpret the data and develop insights. The fifth and final step is to develop an action plan and implementation. Although these steps appear to progress linearly, researchers often work backward and forward throughout the process as they learn at each step. 4. Secondary Data and Primary Data . Primary: Data collected to address specific research needs. . Secondary: Pieces of information that have already been collected from other sources and are readily available. 25. Exploratory Research . Attempts to begin to understand the phenomenon of interest, also provides initial information when the problem lacks any clear definition. 26. Conclusive Research . Provides the information needed to confirm preliminary insights, which managers can use to pursue appropriate courses of action. How to cite Principles of Marketing Exam Notes, Essay examples

Reporting Standards International Financial -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Reporting Standards International Financial? Answer: Introducation We are indeed glad in hearing from you and we would like to thank you regarding the e-mail that you have sent to us. We are happy that you have reached to us and we are of the view that we will provide the best solutions that are available so that it can help you in taking the decisions in a better manner. Like every time, we will always try to provide you with the best solutions regarding the problems that are present in accounting along with the issues that you have described within the contents of your mail and the recommendations that will be provided to you will be in accordance with the Corporation Act 2001, AASB and its interpretations will be according to the issues of accounting that are presented by IFRS. You must be aware of the fact that contingent liabilities are the ones that may have potential losses that can take place in the future may be due to the non-occurrence or the occurrence of a specific event or due to the result of a specific outcome as well. Many examples can be cited with respect to contingent liabilities such as the inquiries regarding some organizational failure, which is still pending, claims that legal in nature and the warranties that are present in each products that are purchased by the customers[1]. The liabilities that can be termed as contingent needs to be shown in the financial statements of the company and the amount that has been estimated by the company so that it can be recorded in the annual sheet. This estimated amount can help the company to prevent the situation that may arise for them in the near future, as a certain amount has been kept separate by them. According to AASB 137, Para 123, these liabilities can be recognized along with the primary responsibility and the probable causes for the outflow of the resources so that the economy of the company can be benefitted and can be settled under these responsibilities. According to Para 29, it can be seen that jointly and severally the liability of the company is that they have to treat these responsibilities under the broad heading of contingent liability. These liabilities have to be developed primarily, as it cannot be expected by the company to happen certainly during the financial year. Therefore, the analysis of these liabilities has to be continuous so that the outflow of the resource can be determined, which will help in benefitting the economy of the company. On the other hand, the provision that is present within the company has to be recognized so that the recent constructive and legal responsibilities, which may arise from the past events, can be estimated in a proper manner and the right amount can be kept for it. The main objective for the provision is that it h as to be adjusted with the balance of the current year in an accurate manner, which will help in taking up the cost that belongs to the particular year and the status of finances that has been estimated can be accounted within that particular period. Therefore the use of provision within the company is not any form of saving, which it may seem like in the first glance. It can be recognized generally that it comes under the balance sheet under the heading of income statement and is placed in the bracket of expenses. Moreover, the main difference between provision and contingent liabilities is that provisions are taken up in the financial statements and the liabilities that can be termed as contingent are taken up under the heading liabilities and is recorded as a note in the financial statements for the company[2]. Moreover, if the probable liability is high and is expected to be around 60 percent to 90 percent, then it has to be shown under the heading provisions within the financial statement that has been drawn for the company. However, if the rate of liability is more than five percent and less than 60 percent, then it has to be recorded as notes in the financial statements and if the percentage is below five then the company cannot choose to take up any action about it. Therefore in compliance with the AASB 137 in the Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets, the first issue that has been mentioned in the email. We can provide a suggestion that the intangible assets needs to be present in the balance sheet, which will lead to the necessary amortization and its recognition can also be done. In this case, it can be seen that the company has an asset worth $800,000 that is according to 30th June 2018, which has been identified as per the valuation made by the directors. This states that the company needs to change its policy with the present happenings so that the accounting can be recognized with the cost that can be developed through an internal basis. Moreover, the intangible assets has to have a life, which will help in its amortization within the period for which it was being used. Thus, this amount can be realized with the amortization purpose and has to be reported at the cost of $800,000, which can be applied with the residual v alue of the assets. With respect to the second case, it can be seen that Beachlife Ltd had undergone a sales contract with Goodsports Ltd on 1st December 2017 with an amount of $180,000 based on which the payment was made on 30th December 2017. None the less, the equipment was delivered by the company on 10th December 2017. According to the sales contract, Goodsports Ltd provided a factor of maintenance for the equipment for the first year after the purchase has been done by the company regarding the product. The maintenance amount that was fixed for the company was at a value of $7,500. However, Goodsports Ltd was not satisfied with the maintenance work that was provided by the company and was entitled for a refund of an amount of 15 percent of the price that they paid, which totals to $90,000 * 15 percent that is $13,500. Therefore, in the current scene it can be seen that Beachlife Ltd has to show an amount of $90,000 recorded as sales under the heading of income for the sale of the equipment, as the y got the amount within the year that is 31st December 2017[3]. Moreover, the responsible amount of $7,500, which was as maintenance has to be placed under contingent liability within the balance sheet and in the statement of income it has to be recorded under the heading of provision for the estimated amount. Additionally, the amount of $13,500 has to be shown as notes in the financial statement of the company under the broad heading of contingent liability, as this type of liability is not probable in nature. In case you face any doubt regarding the suggestions that has been provided to you, please feel free to contact us either by calling or sending a issue of uncertainty through e-mail. Reference List Gamper, Catherine, et al. "Managing disaster-related contingent liabilities." (2017). Hendrickson, Joshua R. "Contingent liability, capital requirements, and financial reform."Cato J.34 (2014): 129. Picker, Ruth, et al.Applying international financial reporting standards. John Wiley Sons, 2016. [1] Gamper, Catherine, et al. "Managing disaster-related contingent liabilities." (2017). [2] Hendrickson, Joshua R. "Contingent liability, capital requirements, and financial reform."Cato J.34 (2014): 129. [3] Picker, Ruth, et al.Applying international financial reporting standards. John Wiley Sons, 2016.

Internet free essay sample

Historical overview, services, access, webs, structure, regulation of pornography, future. (more) Internet free essay sample This can be where they explain their company and the services they offer. Some can even offer home delivery directly from the Internet with things such as home shopping. This makes life very easy for disabled people or people with busy lives who have no time to go shopping. Other services the Internet has to offer are things such as Online Banking. This is often quicker and easier for people so that they can carry out t Internet is one of the most important inventions in history. It is a network of milions of computers around the world, connected by phone lines, satellites or cables.Millions of people from all over the world use it every day, so I think that Internet has more advantages than disadvantages. Internet has made the world a real global village which permits us to travel, pay bills or do the shopping without going out from our houses. We will write a custom essay sample on Internet or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We can read newspapers, play games or even plan our holidays. A huge merit of Internet is a possibility to download music and films in no time. We can also communicate with other people from all over the world by means of programs like IRC, ICQ or GG. We can join a newsgroup and share our special interests with each other.A very useful thing is an electronic mail, because it is faster than regular post and even air mail. Internet offers a lot of information from every branch of knowledge, so you can find everything for your schoolwork or job there, or just find more about your hobbies. Unfortunately, Internet has several drawbacks, especially in Poland. In our country intrernet is still too expensive and connections are not fast. Generally, one disadvantage of the Internet is a danger of getting used to it, computer can become a drug for some people. In Internet there is so much information that finding what you want can take hours.Other bad point of internet are some web sites which are not suitable for children, for example sites about violence, sex or sects. In conclusion, Internet has more good sides than bad ones, and I think that it’s improving all the time, so in the future it will be still better. Internet is a source of information example from government law and services, market information, new ideas and technical support. Students use Internet to doing their homework Intenet can be also a tool to comunication. But to majority of users, Internet is source of only entertaiment.Downloading games, movies, music First of disadvantages is that people who spend too much time sitting in the front of computer can easily gets ill. Radiation emitted by computer’s screen is harmful to eyes . People who spend too much time at their homes (because they needn’t go anywhere, they can do everything using Internet) are getting weaker. Sitting a for long time is also harmful to the spine. Internet has some opponents but more and more people treats Internet like telephone, or radio. They use it for fun and work, and I think at present living without internet would be quite difficult

An Ethnic Experience Essays

An Ethnic Experience Essays An Ethnic Experience Essay An Ethnic Experience Essay For some people, Yelp is a way to see how well a new restaurant down the street is rated. For me, Yelp is a way of life. My curiosity, appreciation for technology and innate love for food have made me into somewhat of a foodie. Its one of my better qualities. But, it also left me slightly stumped when I eceived this assignment to eat at a restaurant whose culture I hadnt already experienced. After some serious brainstorming and a bit of in-class homework, I finally came upon an ethnic restaurant that had slipped through my fingers until then. Im glad it took me this long, because this assignment left me with a newfound love- Ethiopian Food. Of the details that really hang in my mind, one was definitely the mood of the restaurant. I went to Abyssinia Ethiopian Cuisine, a small unassuming place next to an ethnic market on a small street in Anaheim. I would ave missed it, had I not been looking for the address. We parked in the first stall next to the door and went in about half an hour before close. A wave of deliciously spiced air greeted me and my boyfriend as an older lady with an enormous smile walked us into the next room and offered any seat in the house. Every table had a simple tablecloth, a vase and a single flower. The walls were covered with paintings, prints and the occasional mirror. At the back of the room, there was a table about two feet tall curiously topped with eight small cups and accompanied by a stool. I could not make out if it was for children to sit at or an offering table similar to those in some Asian cultures. Music played softly and I could not help but notice the similarities to the little Indian music IVe heard, though this was certainly more soothing and relaxing. The lights were low and the ambiance was gentle, welcoming and ethnic at every turn. The menu was our next challenge once we found seats. I looked over the entirety of the options about 3 times before I admitted that I didnt even know how to pronounce the first entr? ©e. Every dish had an ethnic name and ibs sounded Just as crazy as inJera. My boyfriend recognized an appetizer being delivered to another table and the waitress helped us pinpoint it on the menu as sambusas. We ordered one filled with beef and another with lentils. A navigating explanation later, we learned that Ethiopian dishes are served large and communal- style and that we knew nothing about what we were diving into. So we took the waitresss advice, settled on Abyssinia Yebeg Tibs as our entr? ©e and hoped for the best. Our waitress, who may have also been the owner, soon brought our appetizers. They came as flaky triangles on a plate with a small bowl of some green condiment that was mildly spicy and reminiscent of guacamole. Two teeny spoons accompanied it, but they were rather inefficient in transferring enough to the sambusa and I quickly turned to dipping mine. Both sambusas were extremely savory, and you could still extremely flavorful, and it was my personal favorite. Our main entr? ©e came soon after and the presentation was very different from any food Id ever tried. We were brought a pizza pan about 15 inches across covered with inJera, a sour, spongy bread hat was extremely airy and bubbly on one side but flat, continuous and crepe-like on the other. The waitress spooned the lamb dish in the center and brought us a basket with more of the spongy bread. The lamb was cubed and stewed with Jalapenos, onion, garlic and tomato. It was very fatty in taste but well balanced because of the spice. The handful of sliced greens heaped on the bread helped cut the grease and added to the variety of textures on the table. The stew soaked through the inJera very quickly and I had to double or triple it to keep my hands clean. The Dessert onsisted of baklava, which is a very sweet pastry typical in Middle Eastern and North African culture. The pastry was flaky and filled with a layer of sweet nuts and syrup. It was the sharpest tasting baklava Ive ever had. I dont know if Ill ever come across a meal as curious as Ethiopian again, but I hope I do. It was a welcome deviation from the typical cuisine in the area. The culture is lovely and welcoming and the food is delicious. I definitely recommend the food for the adventurous, for the curious and for lovers of spice. Ethiopian is an experience in and of itself.

Pharamacology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pharamacology - Assignment Example Non sedating antihistamines are antihistamine drugs that can not enter brain and cause drowsiness in the patient and are normally used in treating the symptoms of reactions to stings and bites as well as allergies. The drugs work by blocking the activity of histamine produced by the body as part of the natural immunity. Compared to the sedating antihistamines, non sedating antihistamine drugs are generally more designed to be more selective for the peripheral H1 receptors rather than the cholinergic and central nervous system H1 receptors. This selectivity particularly makes the drugs to avoid sedation and other adverse reactions that may result when it is ingested to be used against allergic reactions (Tillement, Timmerman, Frossard and Levander, 2001, p.228). This paper critically discusses the issues that should be considered in the design of a tablet formulation for a non sedating antihistamine drug with a half life of 16 hours and an adult dose of 2mg per day as well as for a ch ildren liquid formulation (2-12 years old). One of the main factors to consider when formulating the new non sedating antihistamine drug is its disintegration time. This is particularly attributed to the fact that the new drug is expected to have a short half –life of 16 hours. For example, in order to ensure the effectiveness of the drug within its relatively short half-life, the tablet should be formulated in a way that it takes a short time for the tablet to break up into particles or granules once it has been ingested. According to Nelson (2007, p.46), this may be achieved by adding sufficient disintegrants, not using too much binder and avoiding compressing the tablets too hard in order to modify the disintegration and enhance a rapid effect of the drug before it reaches its half life. In addition, another issue related to the tablet formulation of the new non sedating antihistamine that should be

Should same sex marriage remain legal in the United Kingdom Research Paper

Should same sex marriage remain legal in the United Kingdom - Research Paper Example The research will be conducted using online materials and books on Gender and Sexuality. In 2010, Wales and England were moving towards legalization of same sex marriages. Scotland was given control over its marriages but in Northern Ireland, there were no plans for such legislations. Full recognition of gays, lesbian and bisexuals same sex couples in UK began in the 1960s where same sex sexual behaviour was decriminalized. In 2005, same sex couples were able to enter into civil partnerships. Civil partnerships are indistinguishable from opposite sex marriage in terms of rights. This means that they grant the same privileges, obligations, and rights to the couples. Lee (2010, pp, 18) supported this view. According to Piercceson (2014, pp, 22-25) in 2009 public support had risen to 61%. Politicians were debating on changing the definition of marriage to allow all couples to marry. In 2011, the media reported that the government would allow gay church marriage. In 2013, there was a bill to legalise same sex marriage in England and Wales and in July 2013 the House of Lords approved the Marriage (Same sex Couples) Act. Couples of the same sex were able to register and marry and this resulted in England and Wales recognising same sex marriages. Same sex marriages should remain legal in United Kingdom to avoid violation of human rights. The United Nations of Human rights states that all rights are inherent to all human beings regardless of nationality, gender and religious views etc .Every human being has the same right to do as they please as long as it does not cause harm to another person. Same sex marriages are a matter of civil and equal rights and the decision to remain married should remain with the two individuals in the union. Most people are usually not comfortable with same sex relationships however; the dignity of such couples should be respected. Therefore, the law should remain to avoid a severe violation of

Inflation Rate and GDP Growth of Pakistan

Inflation Rate and GDP Growth of Pakistan CHAPTER 1: The topic of this research is relationship between inflation rate and GDP growth of Pakistan. Nowadays in Pakistan inflation rate is high, when inflation crosses logical limits, it has negative effects on GDP growth. It drops the value of money, resulting in uncertainty of the value of profit loss of borrowers, lenders, buyers and sellers. The rising the uncertainty in saving and investment. In Feb 2009 CPI Inflation rate of Pakistan was 22.97% and GDP was 5.8%. GDP and inflation rate negative correlation present even when other factors are included to the study and the investment rate, population of growth, and the constant advances in technology and still when the factor in the effects of supply shocks features of a part of the observed period 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT: In this research determine how much rate of inflation affect the GDP growth of Pakistan. In this research also determine inflation rate significantly affect the GDP growth of Pakistan. GDP shows the economic performance of a country so it is of most importance for concerned departments and economists of that country. On the other hand rising inflation can impact negatively on GDP and the objectives that a country achieves can be demolished by rising inflation. 1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH: If GDP growing fast and rate of inflation is falling down, it is good for the economy. More money comes in Pakistan and financer invests more and more capital. GDP indicates all sectors such as agriculture, telecommunication, services, manufacturing and Per Capita Income. These all indicators represent the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy. If these sectors were growing fast, countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy also grows faster. Foreign investors observe the market condition of Pakistan and foreign investors must see the GDP Inflation Rate of Pakistan. If the GDP growing faster and inflation going down, foreign investors invest more money into Pakistan. If GDP is growing faster, the investor earns more money and achieves good profit and aspires to keep doing business for long term and expects less risk for the loss. Investors also expect for greater dividend in real terms, if rate of inflation is dropping down. This research is also significant for foreign investor and domestic investor of stock market. If inflation is increasing, investors invest less in market because investors do not expect good profit and dividend for the shares and also expect huge risk in market for long term. If any countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s inflation rate is increasing, it is very difficult for financial institution to maintain the trust of investors because there is a chance of loss for the investors. This research is also significant for exporters. Exporters must see the inflation and GDP of Pakistan. If inflation is increasing, exporters export fewer goods because goods are expensive for exporters due to high inflation. Exporters export more goods, when inflation is low because goods are affordable for exporters and easy to export goods. This research is also significant for fresh graduate students. If inflation is high, there is less chance of jobs because the rate of unemployment is also high due to inflation rate. Fresh graduate also do not start business because it is carries more risk and there is chance waste of capital. 1.4 HYPOTHESES: H1: There is a negatively relationship between the Inflation rate and economic growth of Pakistan. H2: Inflation rate significantly effect on economic growth rate of Pakistan. 1.5 SUMMARY OF RESEARCH: The overall summary of this research defined in the following parts: First chapter is Introduction. In this part describe overview of all research, research problem, hypotheses of this research and definitions used in this research. Literature Review is second chapter. Describe summary of all articles, which related to this research. Third Chapter is Research Method. In this part describe data collection method, how sample size of this research and also describe technique of this research. Fourth Chapter is Results. In this part includes interpretations and findings in relevance to the hypotheses test. In this part also describe hypotheses assessment summary in table form. Fifth and last Chapter is Conclusion. In this part includes discussion based on this research finding in setting with the past research findings. In this part also describe some recommendations and implications of this research and also describe future research possibilities. Ending this part with conclusion. 1.6 DEFINITIONS: GDP and Inflation are the key macroeconomic indicators of the economic performance of any country. The relationship and cause affects are very important for any economic performance of the country. GDP Economic Growth: GDP indicates only currently produced goods and services. It is a flow measure of output per time period. For Example, per quarter or per year and indicates only goods and services produced during this interval. Such market transactions as exchange of previously produced houses, cars or factories do not enter into GDP. However, two types of goods used in the production process are counted in GDP. The first is Capital Goods and other type of goods is Intermediate Goods (Froyen, 2005). Components of GDP: GDP is broken down into the components. The first component is Consumption component of GDP. Consumption consists of the household sectors. Consumption can be further broken down into consumer durable goods (e.g., automobiles, television), nondurable consumption goods (e.g., foods, beverage, and clothing) and consumer services (e.g., medical services, haircuts) (Froyen, 2005). The second component of GDP is Investment. Investment is part of GNP (Gross National Product) purchased by the business sector in addition residential construction. Investment divided into three sub components. First is business fixed investment, second is residential construction investment and final id inventory investment (Froyen, 2005). The third component of GDP is government purchases. It is goods and services that are the parts of recent output that goes to the government sector such as federal government, state and local government (Froyen, 2005). The final component of GDP is Net exports. Net Exports equal total (gross) export minus imports. Gross exports are currently produced services goods and sold to foreign buyers, should be counted in GDP. Imports are purchases by domestic buyers of goods and services produced abroad and should not be counted in GDP. Imported goods and services are, however, included in the consumption, investment and government spending totals in GDP. Therefore, need to subtract the value of imports to arrive at the total of domestically produced goods and services (Froyen, 2005). Inflation: Inflation is when prices continue to keep rising, typically as a result of overheated economic growth or extra capital in the market search for too few opportunities. Wages usually creep upwards, so that companies can retain good workers (Amadeo, 2008). How Protection Inflation: If person are locking inflation protect alone, one best way to protect. Person purchase treasury bills and bonds; there pay fixed rates of interest. However, twice a year the governments readjust the principle in response to changes in the CPI, published monthly by the Statistics Bureau. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s mean, as inflation increases, the value of bonds increases. This is best way for protect inflation, when inflation increases (Amadeo, 2008). Aggregate Demand Theory: Aggregate Demand Theory shows that the negatively relationship between Inflation rate (price Level) and output/income (National Product). Aggregate Demand theory was developed by the English economist John Maynard Keyness (1883-1946). Term of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Aggregateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ was also used as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"aggregate spendingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"aggregate expenditureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Case and Fair, 1992). How Aggregate Demand (AD) Curve deriving: The aggregate demand (AD) curve shows that the negative/inversely relationship between the aggregate output/income and the Inflation/price level and the aggregate demand (AD) curve is showing downward sloping (Case and Fair, 1992). Figure 1.1 INFL2 INFL1 Inflation Rate AD y2 y1Real Output/Income (National Product) (Source: Case and Fair, 1992) Reason for downward-slopping Aggregate Demand Curve: The increase price level/inflation causes the demand for money to increase, which cause the interest rate to increase and then the higher interest rate causes aggregation out to down (Case and Fair, 1992). The decrease in consumption brought about by a rises in the interest rate contributes to the generally fall in output. (Case and Fair, 1992). CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Metin (1998) analyzed the empirical relationship between inflation and growth for the Turkish economy by a multivariate co-integration analysis. Metin (1998) developed model shows that the scaled income growth significantly affects inflation in Turkey. The qualified model of inflation was constant and it estimated a model previously. In this paper developed model because if inflation change one percent so it significantly affect to Growth Rate. An extensive literature had examined the relationship between the budget deficit/Income growth and inflation. At a theoretical level, Sargent and Wallace (1981) showed that under certain conditions, if the times paths of government spending and taxes were exogenous, bond-financed deficits were non-sustainable, and the central bank should eventually monetize the deficit. Money supply and inflation was rising in the long run. These findings had subsequently been generalized for the open economy case and for alternative forms of financing. Increase money supply and inflation in the long run due to the government spending and economical condition were not sustainable (Scarth, 1987; Langdana, 1990). Metin (1995) analyzed inflation for Turkey using a general framework of sector relationships and found that fiscal expansion was a determining factor for inflation. The excess demand for money affected inflation positively, but only in the short run. On the other hand, imported inflation, the excess demand for goods, and the excess demand for assets in the capital markets had little or no effect on inflation. A key policy implication of was that Turkish inflation could be reduced rapidly by eliminating the budget deficit. The demand for money, assets and goods impact on inflation (Metin, 1995). The losses were automatically financed by the credits extended by the Central Bank to the SEEs, resulting in high money growth. For 1950 period in Turkish inflation rising and balance of Payment had difficulties. Most the private firm purchase commodities at official price and reached experienced losses (Aktan, 1964; Okyar, 1965; Fry, 1972; Krueger, 1974, Onis and Riedel, 1993). Metin (1958) implemented a fairly typical International Monetary Fund (IMF)-supported stabilization program, which improved the foreign-exchange situation and drastically reduced inflation. The most important component of the program was an increase in the prices of SEE goods, a component that was featured prominently in the 1970 and 1980 reforms as well. Raising those prices in 1958 resulted in an immediate and once-and-for-all increase in the price level, after which the reduced rate of expansion of Central Bank credits reduced inflation. Metin (1958) analyzed inflation dropped from 25% in 1958 to less than 5% in 1959, real gross domestic product (which had been declining) started growing immediately due to the greater availability of imports. Metin (1998) analyzed that Turkey was among the more rapidly growing developing countries during most of the 1960s, with an annual inflation rate of 5%-10%. The nominal exchange rate was kept constant after the 1958 devaluation. Investment spending increased and was financed mainly by foreign aid. In the late 1960s, foreign id did not increase, but the rate of investment spending was maintained. In addition, some difficulties appeared in obtaining imports, creating visible restraints on economic activity and growth. Turkeyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Economic volatility in deferent sectors such as in the late 1960s, foreign aid did not increase, but the rate of investment spending was maintained. In addition, some difficulties appeared in obtaining imports, creating visible restraints on economic activity and growth Barro (1995) studied that If a number of countries characteristics were held constant, in that case regression results shows that an raise in average inflation of ten proportion points per year reduces the growth rate of real per capita income GDP by 0.2 to 0.3 proportion points per year and lowers the proportion of investment to GDP by 0.4 to 0.6 proportion points. Over here come to know that some characteristics were stay constant but some of effected due to increase of inflation rate result reduce the growth rate of real per capita. Barro (1995) analyzed the result that inflation control on growth looks little; the long term inflation effects on standards of living were considerable. such as, a shift in monetary policy that increase the long-term average of inflation rate increase by ten percentage points per year was projected to down the level of real GDP after 30 years by 4% to 7%, more than enough to justify a strong interest in price constancy. The inflation rateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s influence intensively effected lives standard which identifies by the Monitory Policy, average inflation rate and GDP. To evaluate the effects of inflation on economic growth, Barro (1995) Regression Equation method used to which many other determinants of growth were held constant. The framework was one that in this paper had developed and applied previously. Barro (1995) identified that tool through in this paper assessed influence of inflation on the development of economy and to evaluate the effects of inflation on economic growth. Fama (1981) explained these anomalous stock return-inflation relations. The data were consistent with the hypothesis that the negative relations between stock returns and inflation positive relations between actual variables and stock returns, which were more fundamental determinants of equity values. The inflation had negative influence on stock return and also real variable Metin (1995) examined the relationship between the public- sector deficit and inflation. System co-integration analysis suggests three stationary relationships. Although weak relation does not hold for variables concerned (except Ay), one was still able to develop a conditional model for inflation. In that model, an increase in the scaled budget deficit immediately increases inflation. Real income growth had a negative immediate effect and positive second-lag effect on inflation. The shortfall affected inflation at a second lag. These dynamics were consistent with institutional and general knowledge of the economy. The conditional model of inflation was constant over the sample period, even though several significant structural breaks occurred during the period. Breaks included three devaluations, structural stabilization, and economic liberalization programs. The major finding from the new equation was that budget deficits (as well as real income growth) significantly affect inflati on in Turkey. Braun and Tella (2000) studied that there was a positive partial correlation between inflation and corruption for several countries for which data was available. Furthermore, argue that causality was from inflation variability to corruption. There was a positive relationship between corruption and inflation. Dornbusch and Frenkel (1973) had developed alternative approaches to be analysis of growth and inflation. found that the effect of inflation on per capita real balance, consumption and the capital-labor ratio remain ambiguous if the yield on capital was a function of per capita real balance or if consumption was an increasing function of the rate of inflation. That ambiguity was in general not entirely removed by consideration of maximization and a specification of the nature of the service of real balance. The alternative effects inflation on per capital real balance, consumption and the capital labor ratio. Fama (1981) tested out the hypothesis that the negative relations between real stock returns and inflation observed during the post-1953 period were the consequence of proxy effects. Stock returns were determined by forecasts of more relevant real variables, and negative stock return-inflation relations were induced by negative relations between inflation and real activity. This relation inflation, real activity and stock returns define through the money demand and the quantity theory of money. Barro (1995) evaluated the effect on investment shows up clearly only for inflation rates above 10%à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"20% per year. For lower inflation rates, the estimated effect of inflation on the investment ratio tends not pointedly different from zero. The investment effects positively when inflation above 10% to 20% per year but lower inflation effect on investment negatively and zero inflation not significantly effect on investment. Barro (1995) analyzed that the Inflation effects on growth and investment were significantly negative and long term Inflation to reduce the value of growth and investment. The analysis was that the effects of inflation on growth were significantly negative relation and also the effects of inflation on investment were significantly negative relation. Barro (1995) the values of inflation for three periods (i.e. 1965-75, 1975-85 and 1985-90) were not differing significantly from one to another. If different coefficient of inflation test for each period, then resulting values was not significantly from one to another period. If the inflation rise 10% year, growth rate of real per Capita income of GDP by 0.2% to 0.3% point per year. Khan and Senhadji (2001) located that under floating exchange rates, growing domestic inflation can move up long-run output if credit was rationed (inflation was low). However, there exist inflation thresholds as were observed empirically inflation and output were positively (negatively) correlated below (above) the threshold. With fixed exchange rates, the scope for credit to be rationed depends in a relatively complicated way on the rate of foreign and domestic inflation, and increasing foreign inflation always reduces long-run output. Barro (1995) calculated the standard deviation and analyzed the result was that if the standard deviation of inflation was included in the regressions, then the estimated coefficient on average inflation changes little, and the estimated effect of the standard deviation of inflation was still around zero. Standard deviation of inflation included in the regression, result of estimated coefficient on average inflation was little and standard deviation was around zero. Results were directly related to the literature on the costs of inflation. Despite a long tradition of research on the subject, empirical estimates were scant. Following Bailey (1956) estimating the area under the money demand curve, Fischer and Lucas (1981) found that for the US, an inflation rate of 10-percent per annum would cost 0.3- 0.9 percent of national income each year. More recently, Fischer (1993) estimated in a cross-section of countries that an increase in the inflation rate of 100 percentage points would lead to a reduction in the annual growth rate of 3.9 percentage points. Barro (1997) found that the negative relation between inflation and growth was stronger for low levels of inflation, and that inflation variance was also negatively correlated with growth. The estimated in a cross section of countries that an increase in the average inflation rate of 10 percentage points per year leads to a reduction in the growth rate of GDP of 0.3 to 0.4 percentage points per year. Braun and Tella (2000) presented the cross section estimates of the correlation between inflation variability and corruption. Average the data for 1982-1994 to obtain a maximum sample. Document a positive and significant correlation between measure of noise in the price system (Inflation Variance) and corruption. The Positive and significant correlation between the inflation and corruption Barro (1995) analyzed that it was also possible that the inflation produce a positive and significant relationship between inflation and growth. This thing happen, when demand of goods increase. Braun and Tella (2000) analyzed the result was that the increase in the cost of audit leads to an increase in corruption and in the extant fixed cost of investing. This in turn leads to a decline in aggregate investment and growth. Using the evidence that relative price oscillations increase with inflation variability, assume that the cost of audit was an increasing function of inflation variability. If corruption was increasing, Growth and Investment was decrease because negatively impact on growth and investment. Inflation was increasing due to corruption was rising. Barro (1995) evaluated that in recent years, many central banks, including the Bank of England, more emphasis on price stability. One indicator concern, the Bank of England began in February 1993 to issue the Inflation Report. Central bank gave more importance on price stability and monetary policy defines in term of interest rate or growth with stable and low inflation. In this paper contributes to closing this perception gap. Find a theoretical and empirical link between inflation variability and corruption. Since corruption had been found to had a negative/inversely impact on growth and investment. There was an indirect, corruption affected cost of inflation. Estimate that a one standard deviation raise in inflation variability from the median can lead to a reduction in the annual growth rate of one third of a percentage point and a reduction in the investment rate of 1-percent. Corruption was negative impact on growth and investment. Corruption affected cost of inflation (Mauro, 1995; Knack and Keefer, 1995; Kaufmann and Wei, 1999). Fama (1981) found the result was that the negative relations between inflation and real activity predicted by the money demand-quantity theory model and observed consistently in the regressions were negative partial correlations. The relations between inflation and real activity predicted by the money demand quantity theory model Braun and Tella (2000) calculated that increase in inflation variability of one standard deviation from the median leads to an increase in corruption of 0.12 of a standard deviation. Repeating the above calculations obtain that an increase in inflation variance of one standard deviation leads to a decline in investment of 1.02 percent of GDP, and a decline in growth of 0.33 percentage points. Braun and Tella (2000) estimated for the impact of an increase in inflation variability of one standard deviation range from 1.02 percent to 2.72 percent of GDP for investment, and from 0.33 to 0.88 percentage points for growth. Increase in inflation of one standard deviation leads to decline in investment of 1.02 % of GDP and decline in growth 0.33 % points. Braun and Tella (2000) estimated the effects were also economically significant. Researcher basic cross section approximate suggests that a one standard deviation increase in the variance of inflation associated with an increase in corruption of up to 0.47 points, or 32-percent of the standard deviation of corruption. Braun and Tella (2000) estimated can be used to calculate an indirect cost of variable inflation that operates through corruption. Researcher find that an increase in inflation variability of one standard deviation from the median can lead to a decline in investment of 2.7-percent of GDP, and to a decline in the annual growth rate of 0.9 percentage points. Increase in inflation of one standard deviation leads to decline in investment of 2.7 % of GDP and decline in growth 0.9 % points. Braun and Tella (2000) calculated that increase in inflation variability of one standard deviation from the median leads to an increase in corruption of 0.12 of a standard deviation. Braun and Tella (2000) analyzed the result was that an increase in inflation variance of one standard deviation leads to a decline in investment of 1.02 percent of GDP, and a decline in growth of 0.33 percentage points. Braun and Tella (2000) estimated for the impact of an increase in inflation variability of one standard deviation range from 1.02 percent to 2.72 percent of GDP for investment, and from 0.33 to 0.88 percentage points for growth. Increase in inflation of one standard deviation leads to decline in investment of 1.02 % of GDP and decline in growth 0.33 % points. Fama (1981) analyzed two types of models for expected inflation were estimated and compared. One approach was interest rates into expected inflation rates and expected real returns. Since the interest rates were observed at the beginning of the time intervals of interest, this approach estimates the ex ante expected inflation rates which eventually allow to document the negative relations between ex ante expected stock returns and expected inflation rates. The negative relation between the expected stock returns and expected inflation rates Fama (1981) analyzed second approach, based on money demand and quantity theory of money, estimates conditional expected inflation rates as functions of money and real activity growth rates. Since measures of current money and current and future real activity growth rates were major explanatory variables, these conditional expected inflation rates were not ex ante measures. Fama (1981) also analyzed the money demand-quantity theory models of inflation provide the empirical economic story which explains why the ex ante expected inflation rates extracted from interest rates were also strongly related to current and future real activity. Inflation rate were strongly related to interest rate because of money demand theory and quantity theory of money. Fisher (1911) observed the relations between inflation and the measures of current and future real activity which this model presumes were important in the determination of stock market returns. The theoretical basis for the study of inflation-real activity relations was a rational expectations combination of money demand theory. The theory and empirical results were abstracted from my 1980 paper. In this paper presented just enough of the theory and evidence to document the inflation-real activity relations of interest. Verme (2004) was study the Walrasian equilibrium; changes in either the domestic inflation rate or in the world inflation rate had qualitatively similar effects. When credit was rationed, changes in the domestic inflation rate and the world inflation rate always affect the domestic capital stock differently. This occurs because credit rationing breaks the link between the marginal product of capital and the rate of interest on loans: what matters was how the domestic and foreign rates of inflation affect the self-selection constraint and researcher affect this differently. Whenever there were restrictions on capital availability, the domestic and foreign inflation rates react differently on the economy. Verme (2004) analyzed theory of Walrasian equilibrium was that changes in the domestic rate of inflation can had very different effects under credit rationing. Again, this happens because what matters was how the domestic inflation rate affects the self-selection constraint. Higher domestic inflation can actually relax this constraint by increasing the rate of interest on loans, and hence attenuating the incentives of agents to misrepresent the type. The domestic inflation can also cause dearth of capital if the interest rate rises for the reason of inflation. Verme (2004) presented a model of a small open economy where financial intermediaries make a real allocate function then consider the relative merits of different exchange regimes, focusing my attention on policies that had been implemented in Latin America and, particularly, in Argentina and Peru. This document puts forward an example of an open economy where financial intermediaries may cause situations where credit may not always be restricted. Verme (2004) observed that the inflation thresholds as were observed empirically: increasing inflation beyond the threshold level reduces domestic growth output. However in economies with fixed exchange rates, increases in the foreign (and domestic) rate of inflation always had adverse consequences for real activity. In case of variable exchange rates, inflation can encourage production if credit was limited, however if the inflation exceeds beyond a certain limit then it reduce the output. Mauro (1995) estimates may be used to derive an indirect, corruption-induced, cost of inflation variability. This cost can be calculated by multiplying estimated of the impact of inflation variability on corruption by exogenous estimates of the impact of corruption on investment and growth. Given that Mauro (1995) presented such estimates, this calculation was relatively straightforward. The cost of inflation can also increase if corruption impacts investment and growth. Fama (1981) explanation of the absence of positive simple relations between money supply and real activity growth rates during the post- 1953 period was an interesting topic for future research. This was especially so since the monetary measure used, the growth rate of the base, was the one most under the control of the monetary authorities. Studying the relationship between money supply and growth rate reveals that the said rate was under most control of the controlling authorities. Braun and Tella (2000) estimated that an increase in corruption of one standard deviation leads to a decline in the average investment rate of 8.5 percent of GDP. In this paper also estimates that GDP growth would decline by 2.76 percentage points per year. It was estimated that a slight increase in the corruption can greatly decline the investment. Fama (1981) tested that the effect hypothesis implies that actions of real activity should dominate dealings of inflation when both were used as explanatory variables in real stock return regressions. In monthly, quarterly, and annual data, growth rates of money and real activity eliminate the negative relations between real stock returns and expected inflation rates. In the annual stock return regressions unexpected inflation also loses its explanatory power when located in competition with future real activity. Sometimes inflation loses its quality of increasing growth rates when there was real economic growth in the future. Fama (1981) analyzed the hypothesis for both common stocks and bonds were that expected real returns were determined in the real sector. Spurious negative relations between inflation and expected real returns were then induced by a somewhat unexpected characteristic of the money supply process during the post- 1953 period, in particular, the fact that most of the variation in real money demanded in response to variation in real activity had been accommodated through offsetting variation in inflation rather than through nominal money growth. After the analysis of securities, it was accomplished that there exists a negative/inversely relationship between inflation and expected real returns. The severe drought in India during the current cropping season may put more pressures on international prices of a number of commodities i.e. international sugar prices had already risen substantially, which had also impacted domestic prices, which sufficient domestic availability, Increasing the int